NDA POSTGRADUATE ADVERT

ADVERT FOR 2017/2018 NDA POSTGRADUATE PROGRAMME. Application Starts 24th Aug - 7th Nov 2017. kindly visit the portal to apply at http://www.ndapgapplications.net Applications are invited from suitably qualified candidates for admission into Fulltime and Professional Programmes in the Postgraduate School, Nigerian Defence Academy, Kaduna Step 1: Download the Programme List and Admissions Requirements Click to download https://www.nda.edu.ng/NDA%20Advert.pdf Step 2: Pay for Online Application via Remita Pay for online application form for N10,000.00 only via Remita then use the RRR code to create an account. Follow the Step by Step Guide Step 3: Fill application form Fill application form online, print a copy of completed Application Form, attach all copies of your Credentials, Acknowledgement Form, Referee Forms, Application for Transcripts Form and Medical Report Form and mail them to: The Secretary, Postgraduate School, Nigerian Defence Academy, P.M.B. 2109, Kaduna.

OAU RELEASES POST UTME RESULTS

OAU releases post utme results! Candidates who wrote the Obafemi Awolowo University (OAU), Ile-Ife, 2017/2018 Post-UTME Computer-based Aptitude Test, can now check their results online. HOW TO CHECK OAU POST UTME RESULT 1. Go to OAU post UTME result checking portal at https://admissions.oauife.edu.ng 2. Supply your Username and Password in the required columns. 3. Finally, Sign-in to access your OAU post UTME score. Note that: There is no fee for checking results of OAU’s Post-UTME Computer-based Aptitude Test.

Birthday message

From Maimu to Maimoon, by Maimuna..... When I leave this place; I want the streets to echo my name, I want the walls to be smeared with my scent, The birds chirping my name, The pavement I walked, I want it to remember my melodious footsteps, And the classrooms to remember me for my greatness. I want to leave a landmark on each and every place I visit. I want a map to be made in my name; of places i have been to. I want a piece of me to be spred across every inch and corner of this world. And the books I’ve touched-i want them to have traces of me all over them. When I do leave this place; I’d love to see the world a little bit better, A little bit more beautiful; maybe even with flowers. I hope that when I do leave; I hope to have fulfilled my goals. I hope to have made the world a little bit better than it is. I hope to have saved as much of humanity as I could. I’ve lived and I’m glad I did. I’ve loved so hard it hurt, and I don’t regret it. The only moments worthy of regret are moments spent in sin. So today, I say kudos to my parents. today, I say kudos to the soldiers and police out there risking their lives for me. I hope that one day I’ll get to pay back the favour. #october4th #itsmybirthday #bekind -#maimswritestoo

POST UTME ALERT

FEDERAL UNIVERSITY, KASHERE P.M.B 0182, GOMBE STATE Office of the Registrar NOTICE OF POST UTME/DE SCREENING FOR THE 2017/2018 ACADEMIC SESSION ADMISSIONS INTO FEDERAL UNIVERSITY, KASHERE, GOMBE STATE This is to inform all candidates who choose Federal University, Kashere as most preferred (1st choice) in the 2017 UTME and scored a minimum of 180 points and DE candidates with Credit/Merit pass in National Diploma, Recognized Diploma, NCE or IJMB in relevant areas from recognized tertiary institutions, that on-line registration for the screening of candidates for admission into various undergraduate programmes has been scheduled as follows: * Online Registration for the Post UTME/DE Screening - 18th to 25th Sept., 2017 * Physical screening at various Faculties of the University - 2nd to 6th Oct., 2017 Eligibility and Requirements: Candidates who possessed the above mentioned requirements are eligible to present themselves with the following documents at the venue of the screening: i. Original and photocopies of their credentials, ii. One passport size photograph, iii. Scratch card(s) for verification of 'O' Level results, iv Evidence of payment of Post UTME/DE non refundable screening fee v. Down loaded/printed online screening registration form. Procedure for Payment and Registration: i. Log on to www.fukashere.edu.ng and click on 2017/2018 Post UTME Screening Form; ii. Follow and fill the details as displayed; iii. Upload the filled form; iv. Pay the sum of N2,000:00 non refundable screening fee in favour of the University through the Remita by following the guidelines on the University website. Signed ALH. KABIRU GARBA AMINU Registrar

2017/2018 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN DIRECT ENTRY ADMISSION EXERCISE

2017/18 DIRECT ENTRY ADMISSION EXERCISE UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN, IBADAN 2017/18 DIRECT ENTRY ADMISSION EXERCISE This is to inform DIRECT ENTRY candidates who made University of Ibadan their first choice, that the University website will be open on Monday, 02 October, 2017 to Friday, 13 October, 2017 for the online submission of their bio-data, SSCE/NECO/ O’L, GCE A’L, NCE/ND/HND results through https://www.admissions.ui.edu.ng. LOGIN INSTRUCTION (a) Candidates are required to log-in to the Admissions Portal using their Jamb registration Number as their username and their surname as their password e.g 69453281 PG ADEKOYA (surname) Kenechukwu Garba. The admission processing fee is N2,000.00 only. This should be paid through the Admission portal in favour of University of Ibadan (Admission Processing fee account). Candidate’s name, JAMB Registration number, telephone Number and E’mail Address should be quoted at the point of payment. (b) Payment Option Credit/Debit card payment using ATM card; Cash at bank using the printout from the portal to make payment at the bank; Direct bank Account debit whereby internet banking tools are used to make payment. Candidates are expected to print the payment success receipt which should display full names of the candidate as in the Direct Entry form slip preceded by the JAMB registration Number, as the payee and the payment reference number showing success message. Upon successful payment, candidates should proceed on the portal to submit their bio-data and all credentials (SSCE/NECO O’L, GCE A’L. NCE/ND/HND). Candidates are advised to fill the online forms carefully, following all instructions, as “mistake(s)”may lead to disqualification. Candidates are expected to upload their photographs and signatures. The image format for the passport and signature is JPEG and must not exceed 50KB.The photographs must be clean, clear and without glasses. Candidates are then to print the evidence of completion of transaction and keep for further reference. An online help desk platform on https://www.admissions.ui.edu.ng/helpdesk will be available to handle all genuine enquiries. Misrepresentation/falsification of documents is a serious offence. Candidates are therefore advised to submit genuine documents only. Anyone found guilty of this offence will be disqualified automatically and in appropriate cases be handed over to the Law Enforcement Agencies. Candidates are strongly advised to adhere strictly to the guidelines stipulated above for successful completion of the online submissions. Thank you MANAGEMENT

CHEMICAL BONDING

CHEMICAL BONDING Chemical bonding is defined as the union of two or more atoms through redistribution of electron in their outer shells either by the process of transfer of electrons from one atom to another or by the process of sharing of electronics amongst themselves so that all the atoms acquire the stable noble gas configuration of minimum energy. There are many different types of bonding of which electrovalent and covalent bonding are the most important ones. There are other types like co-ionic or co-ordinate covalence, metallic bond, hydrogen bonding and van-der-waal’s forces. Electrovalent (ionic bond) The main principle in ionic bond is called donor acceptor principle in which there is a complete transfer of electron from one specie to another i.e the atoms forming bond are usually present as ions. The donor atom is usually a metal of relatively larger atomic size. An atom of a metallic element loses electrons from its outermost shell, the number of electrons equal to its valency to attain the stable configuration of a noble gas. It then becomes positively charged ion known as cations. The non-metallic atom gain the electrons lost by the metallic atom and become negatively charged to also attain the noble gas configuration. It is called acceptor. The attraction between sodium ion (a metal) and chlorine ion(a non-metal ) is called electrostatic attraction. These electrostatic attractions between positively and negatively charged ions constitute the electrovalent or ionic bonding. Calcium chloride and calcium oxide, sodium oxide, magnesium chloride are other examples of electrovalent compounds. Characteristics of electrovalent compounds • Electrovalent compound have high melting and boiling point • They conduct electricity either in molten state or when in solution. • They are soluble in polar solvent such as water but not in non-polar solvents such as benzene ,toluene etc • Electrovalent bonding occur by complete transfer of electron from one specie to another (i.e from metal to non-metal) Covalent bond The main principle in covalent bond is that of sharing of electrons between atoms such that each of the atoms in the molecule has the electron arrangement of a noble gas. The two main atoms involved in covalent bond formation are of similar size and they are always small. Consider two chlorine atoms, each having the electron structure 2, 8, 7. In covalent bonding each atom contribute equal number of electrons which are equally shared by the participating atoms. Examples are in chlorine molecule, oxygen molecule, methane and other organic compounds The covalent bond can also be regarded as resulting from the overlap of electron clouds. The two clouds containing one electron each overlap to form a single cloud between the atoms The covalent bond is represented by a short line joining the symbols for the atoms. H – H methane. Characteristics of covalent compounds • Covalent bonds are found mainly in gases and volatile liquids. • They are soluble only in non-polar solvent such as benzene, toluene, ethers etc but not in polar solvent such as water. • They are nonconductor of electricity either in molten or when dissolved (non electrolyte) • They have low melting and boiling point. Co-ordinate covalency (co-ionic bond) These combine the principle of both covalent and ionic bonding; it is also referred to as dative covalent bonding or co ionic bonding. In coordinate covalent bonding participating species share electrons but the shared electrons are contributed only by one of the participating species unlike the ordinary covalent bonding where both species donate electron for sharing. The shared electrons are known as lone pair of electrons, thus for coordinate bonding to occur one of the participating atoms must have a lone pair of electrons. For example in the formation of ammonia, three hydrogen atoms share three pairs of electrons with a nitrogen atom by normal covalent bonding. Nitrogen atom has a lone pair of electron in its outermost shell. It shares this with a proton (hydrogen ion), from an acid to produce ammonium ion, NH4+ molecule carries over it positive charge to give the ammonium ion ,other example will include the formation of hydroxium ion Metallic bond Metallic bond is the bond that holds atoms together in a metal. Each metallic atom contributes its valence electrons to the electron cloud, thus becoming positively charged. The ions are held together in the lattice by the electron cloud. The larger the number of electrons in the outer shells of the metal, the stronger the bonding. This type of bonding is very strong in some metals eg. Iron which are difficult to cut but it is much weaker in some metals like sodium or potassium which can be cut with a knife. Hydrogen bonding Hydrogen bonding is a weak intermolecular bonding which occurs when hydrogen is covalently linked to highly electronegative element such as nitrogen, oxygen and fluorine which are in need of few electrons to attain octet configuration. They tend to pull the shared electron in covalent bond toward themselves resulting in the formation of a dipole where the hydrogen is partially positive and the oxygen , nitrogen or fluorine is partially negative, this create an electrostatic attraction between the two dipoles known as hydrogen bonding. Hydrogen bond is a weak bond but it has impact on the physical properties of compounds like hydrogen fluoride and water. The strongest hydrogen bond is in hydrogen fluoride HF. Other hydrogen bonds can easily break under the influence of heat into simple molecules but in hydrogen fluoride, the hydrogen bonds persist even in vapor state. Gaseous hydrogen fluoride consists mainly of a mixture of H2F2 and H3F3 molecules. Vander Waal’s Force This a weak intermolecular force existing between discrete molecules. Van der waal force was first described by J.D van der waal and it was named after him. This bond hold molecules together in liquid and gases. Contributed by: Habib Adamu Isa (B.sc Chemistry, M.sc Environmental chemistry, MCSN) Adeyemo College, Kaduna.

CAREER PROSPECTS IN CHEMISTRY AND INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY.

CAREER PROSPECTS IN CHEMISTRY AND INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY Chemistry is a part of science that involves the composition, structure, properties and change of matter. Chemist is one who is trained in the study of chemistry. Chemistry is the backbone of all science subjects. The study of chemistry can be branched into industrial chemistry, inorganic chemistry, organic chemistry, analytical chemistry, physical chemistry and biochemistry. Industrial chemistry is a branch of chemistry that applies physical and chemical applications towards the transformation of raw materials into product that are beneficial to human life. Inorganic chemistry is the study of properties and behaviour of inorganic compounds. Inorganic chemists study areas like crystal structures, minerals, metals, and elements in the periodic table. Branches of inorganic chemistry include bioinorganic chemistry, geochemistry, and solid-sate chemistry e.t.c. Organic chemistry pertains to a systematic study of compounds of carbon, organic compounds were initially considered to be derived from animal and vegetable sources. All organic compounds contain carbon, most of them hydrogen, many contain oxygen, some contain nitrogen while a few contain elements such as sulphur, nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic, chlorine, bromine, iodine, e.t.c. Organic chemistry can be sub-divided into organometallic chemistry, natural products, polymer chemistry, physical organic chemistry, stereochemistry e.t.c. Analytical chemistry is a branch of chemistry which deals specifically with the various techniques and laboratory methods used to determine the composition of materials. Qualitative and quantitative analysis are the most basic methods used in analytical chemistry. Physical chemistry involves the studies of the physical properties of chemical compounds using laws, theories and concepts of physics. Using mathematical models and formulas, physical chemists are able to quantify the physical properties of chemical substances, and are also able to determine the effect certain phenomena would have on the physical properties of chemical substances. Quantum, thermodynamics, chemical kinetics, catalysis, corrosion, surface and colloid chemistry are sub-division of physical chemistry. In Nigeria, to be eligible to study Bsc. Chemistry or Industrial chemistry in any of the higher institutions, the applicant must have at least six credit in O’level examinations (either WAEC, NECO or NABTEC) in Mathematics, English language, Chemistry, Physics, Biology and Geography or Economics with a Jamb score of 170 and above (though the jamb score might be lower for private universities). Note that: English language, chemistry, physics, mathematics or biology are the subjects for Jamb examination. The duration of B.sc degree in chemistry is 4 years which includes 6 months industrial training and industrial excursions. A degree in chemistry opens door to so many opportunities. In chemistry, there are thousands of wide range of careers opportunities one can choose from. Some examples of careers in chemistry include: scientist, teaching/ lecturing (high schools, institutions), research scientist/ analyst, laboratory technologist, quality control manager, industrial safety personnel, industrial technologist, material scientist, crystallography, cheminformatics, polymer chemist, environmental analyst and can work in academics, private sectors, government agencies (government regulatory agencies such as NAFDAC, FDA, SON, FBI e.t.c), security firm (forensic and pathology),research and development institutes, consultancy, waste management, industries such as petrochemical, food processing, pharmaceuticals, textile, chemicals, paints, glass, cement, oil/gas refineries, engineering, packaging, automobiles, ceramics, plastics, electronics, agriculture, pulp and paper production, beverages, cosmetics, soaps, detergents, toiletries, water treatment plant, hydrological and metallurgical industries e.t.c. The knowledge of chemistry helps entrepreneurs with low capital to venture into businesses such as productions of fragrance (air fresheners, incense, and perfumes), soaps, and detergents, candles, paints and cosmetics products at low scale without having to wait for government jobs. So far, it reduces the high rate of unemployment in Nigeria. Also, it offers opportunity for further studies and career development into master’s and doctorate degree.